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Endive and escarole are hardy and can be planted as early as the soil can be worked.
Endive is a cool-weather crop that thrives at temperatures between 60–65°F. Selecting the right variety is crucial for planting in hot weather, as endive seeds can enter thermal dormancy if exposed to temperatures above 77°F. The best germination occurs when soil temperatures are between 60–68°F. A light frost in the fall can enhance the flavor of the crop.
Sow every 3 weeks for a continuous supply of fresh endive and escarole.
TRANSPLANTING: Sow seeds in flats at a rate of 4 seeds per inch or in ¾" plug trays, covering them lightly with fine vermiculite, about 3–4 weeks before transplanting outdoors. If necessary, provide shade on sunny, warm days to keep the soil surface cool, below 75°F, until germination occurs. For flats, transplant seedlings 1–2" apart into flats, pots, or cell containers after 2 weeks. To harden off, reduce watering and lower the temperature for 2–3 days before transplanting outdoors. Well-hardened seedlings can tolerate temperatures as low as 20°F. Space plants closely at 8–10" to encourage self-blanching in these varieties.
DIRECT SEEDING: Seeds germinate best between 41-85°F, with the highest germination rate occurring around 75°F, depending on the variety and seed lot. Sow seeds at a rate of 6 seeds per foot, with rows spaced 12-18" apart. Lightly cover the seeds with about 1/8" of soil and gently firm the surface. Water dry soil to ensure it remains cool and moist for uniform germination. Once the seedlings are large enough to handle, thin them to 8" apart.
SALAD MIX/BABY LEAF: Sow seeds in a 2-4" wide band, planting about 60 seeds per foot. Lightly cover the seeds with approximately 1/8" of soil and gently firm the surface. Keep the soil surface moist until emergence, which typically takes 3-5 days (longer in colder weather). Harvest the crop after 4-5 weeks.
Average spacing is 8-12” in row and 18-24” between rows
Harvest individual leaves by clipping them, or cut the whole head with a knife just above the root attachment. Quickly cool the harvested produce by dunking it in cold water, then drain and refrigerate.
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